In physical cosmology, galaxy filaments (subtypes: supercluster complexes, galaxy walls, and galaxy sheets) are the largest known structures in the universe. They are massive, thread-like formations, with a typical length of 50 to 80 megaparsecs h−1 (163 to 261 million light-years) that form the boundaries between large voids in the universe. Filaments consist of gravitationally bound galaxies. Parts wherein many galaxies are very close to one another (in cosmic terms) are called superclusters.
Formation:::::::::
In the standard model of the evolution of the universe, galactic filaments form along and follow web-like strings of dark matter.[4] It is thought that this dark matter dictates the structure of the Universe on the grandest of scales. Dark matter gravitationally attracts baryonic matter, and it is this "normal" matter that astronomers see forming long, thin walls of super-galactic clusters.
Discovery:::::::::
Discovery of structures larger than superclusters began in the late-1980s. In 1987, astronomer R. Brent Tully of the University of Hawaii's Institute of Astronomy identified what he called the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex. In 1989, the CfA2 Great Wall was discovered,[5] followed by the Sloan Great Wall in 2003. On January 11, 2013, researchers led by Roger Clowes of the University of Central Lancashire announced the discovery of a large quasar group, the Huge-LQG, which dwarfs previously discovered galaxy filaments in size.In November 2013, using gamma-ray bursts as reference points, astronomers discovered the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, an extremely huge filament measuring more than 10 billion light-years across.
Filaments:::::::::::::⏩
Filament subtype of filaments have roughly similar major and minor axes in cross-section, along the lengthwise axis.
Coma Filament::::::
The Coma Supercluster lies within the Coma Filament. It forms part of the CfA2 Great Wall.
Perseus–Pegasus Filament:::::::
1985Connected to the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster, with the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster being a member of the filament.
Ursa Major Filament::::::::
Connected to the CfA Homunculus, a portion of the filament forms a portion of the "leg" of the Homunculus.
Lynx–Ursa Major Filament :::::::::
(LUM Filament)1999from 2000 km/s to 8000 km/s in redshift spaceConnected to and separate from the Lynx–Ursa Major Supercluster.
z=2.38 filament around protocluster ClG J2143-44232004z=2.38110MpcA filament the length of the Great Wall was discovered in 2004. As of 2008, it was still the largest structure beyond redshift
A short filament, detected by identifying an alignment of star-forming galaxies, in the neighborhood of the Milky Way and the Local Group was proposed by Adi Zitrin and Noah Brosch. The reality of this filament, and the identification of a similar but shorter filament, were the result of a study by McQuinn et al. (2014) based on distance measurements using the TRGB method.
Galaxy walls:::::::⏩
The galaxy wall subtype of filaments have a significantly greater major axis than minor axis in cross-section, along the lengthwise axis.
CfA2 Great Wall :::::::::::
(Coma Wall, Great Wall, Northern Great Wall, Great Northern Wall, CfA Great Wall)1989z=0.03058251Mpc long
750 Mly long
250 Mly wide
20 Mly thick
This was the first super-large large-scale structure or pseudo-structure in the universe to be discovered. The CfA Homunculus lies at the heart of the Great Wall, and the Coma Supercluster forms most of the homunculus structure. The Coma Cluster lies at the core.
Sloan Great Wall :::::::::
(SDSS Great Wall)2003z=0.07804433Mpc longThis was the largest known galaxy filament to be discovered,[21] until it was eclipsed by the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall found ten years later.
Sculptor Wall :::::::::
(Southern Great Wall, Great Southern Wall, Southern Wall)8000 km/s long
5000 km/s wide
1000 km/s deep
(in redshift space dimensions)
The Sculptor Wall:::::::
is "parallel" to the Fornax Wall and "perpendicular" to the Grus Wall.
Grus WallThe Grus Wall is "perpendicular" to the Fornax and Sculptor Walls.
Fornax Wall::::::
The Fornax Cluster is part of this wall. The wall is "parallel" to the Sculptor Wall and "perpendicular" to the Grus Wall.
Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall:::::
2013z≈2 Gpc long,
150 000 km/s deep
(in redshift space)The largest known structure in the universe. This is also the first time since 1991 that a galaxy filament/great wall held the record as the largest known structure in the universe.
A "Centaurus Great Wall" (or "Fornax Great Wall" or "Virgo Great Wall") has been proposed, which would include the Fornax Wall as a portion of it (visually created by the Zone of Avoidance) along with the Centaurus Supercluster and the Virgo Supercluster also known as our Local Supercluster within which the Milky Way galaxy is located (implying this to be the Local Great Wall).
A wall was proposed to be the physical embodiment of the Great Attractor, with the Norma Cluster as part of it. It is sometimes referred to as the Great Attractor Wall or Norma Wall. This suggestion was superseded by the proposal of a supercluster, Laniakea, that would encompass the Great Attractor, Virgo Supercluster, Hydra-Centaurus Superclusters.[26]
A wall was proposed in 2000 to lie at z=1.47 in the vicinity of radio galaxy B3 0003+387.[27]
A wall was proposed in 2000 to lie at z=0.559 in the northern.
Large Quasar Groups:::::::: ⏩
Large quasar groups (LQGs) are some of the largest structures known.They are theorized to be protohyperclusters/proto-supercluster-complexes/galaxy filament precursors.
Clowes–Campusano LQG :::::
(U1.28, CCLQG)1991z=1.28
longest dimension: 630 Mpc
It was the largest known structure in the universe from 1991 to 2011, until U1.11's discovery.
U1.11LQG::::::::::
2011z=1.11
longest dimension: 780 Mpc
Was the largest known structure in the universe for a few months, until Huge-LQG's discovery
Huge-LQG:::::::::
2012z=1.27
characteristic size: 500 Mpc
longest dimension: 1240 Mpc
It was the largest structure known in the universe,
until the discovery of the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall found one year later.
Supercluster complex:::::::⏩
Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex
19871 billion ly wide,
150 million ly deepContains Virgo Supercluster and Local Group
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